Community engagement is a fundamental first step in planning and implementing shared mobility services. While not a new concept in the transportation field, the emergence of new technologies and community-based shared mobility pilot projects give us the opportunity to initiate these practices systematically.  Meaningful community engagement helps projects reflect the needs and realities of the community they seek to serve with solutions that are useful and inclusive to all. 

Engaging the community in a meaningful way may require a paradigm shift for policy makers, providers, and local agencies to understand the value of community buy-in throughout the length of the project. From the onset, community engagement facilitates an understanding of each communities’ key stakeholders and residents allowing the groups involved to identify the concerns, risks, opportunities, and potential solutions that surround an issue. Community members may not be in favor of or share the same opinion of a project but this feedback should be welcomed rather than deflected. Digging into these concerns and understanding residents’ perspectives can help shape the project into its most productive and valued form, increasing usership and longevity. Community engagement is undoubtedly a time sensitive process, but the local knowledge that the community brings can equally save time and money in the long run by avoiding any backtracking or retrofitting caused by a lack of an understanding of the area. Data about the community helps tell part of the story, and the qualitative data often found in community engagement completes it. 

This learning module shows why community engagement matters, outlines engagement frameworks, and includes a set of resources including definitions, strategies, challenges, recommendations, and case studies. Just as the engagement process is a two-way conversation between public agencies and the community they serve, this module offers guidance to both entities in the hopes they can work together from the start.

1. Evaluation & Performance Metrics is the two-part practice of analyzing project goals and principles by applying them to a set of established metrics and measurements.
2. Participatory Planning or Inclusive Planning is defined as “a way of managing projects that includes the end-user in the design and implementation of a program” [1]
3. Public/Community Engagement is defined by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) as effectively engaging the public, including low-income and minority communities, as part of the planning process. Rather than being standardized in approach, the FTA explains that engagement should be scaled based on the proposed project and resources and consider going beyond traditional methods of public outreach, into more innovative strategies that reflect the fast paced communications and technology environment we live in [17].
4. Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in a project and can either affect or be affected by the project. 

Understanding people’s mobility patterns and experiences is an important piece of a pilot program. That is where community engagement fits into the process. Effective community engagement involves the transportation provider learning about who the end-user of a service or program might be, valuing and legitimizing their opinion in decision-making, and ensuring that the people and process reflects the diversity of the communities they serve. It unravels the story told by the data available in a given geographic area and provides a deeper, human level understanding of a community. For example, quantitative data may depict that in Chicago, only 2% of the city’s bikeshare system’s memberships were held by black residents in 2017, despite the fact that African Americans comprise 30% of the city’s overall population. However, community engagement shows that fear of traffic collision, robbery, and poor road conditions were the biggest concerns for black and Hispanic respondents [14]. While another study found that low-income residents and people of color were less likely to have exposure to bikeshare though their family and friend networks, or through their personal experiences [15]. 

Community engagement is often associated with concerns and misconceptions. Some of these concerns for the agency and/or pilot provider include the expenses associated with participatory methods, that it will only involve the same group of people already engaged, or that community engagement incurs complaints from the public [11]. Sometimes these concerns come to pass and are justified (i.e. community engagement will likely be an added cost, the engaged community will likely show up to events, and there will likely be feedback and criticisms from the public), however these challenges should be seen as opportunities for identifying nuanced solutions that will ultimately improve a mobility project and help to assure its success. Understanding the project’s budget and being innovative with these dollars, using a variety of tactics to reach a wide audience, and internalizing feedback to identify ways to improve, are all part of the community engagement process. These strategies can work to complement each other instead of one replacing the other. For example, stakeholder engagement among government agencies across jurisdictions remains an important strategy for planning, but increasing a community’s voice in these planning strategies can help to bridge the planning gap. 

Ultimately, community engagement: creates culturally relevant projects, prices projects according to the communities’ income or willingness to pay for services, prioritizes the voices of historically marginalized and neglected voices in the project planning process, improves citizens’ knowledge and skills in problem solving, empowers and integrates people from different backgrounds, creates opportunities to discuss potential barriers, and increases trust between the community and government [13]. Effective community engagement strives to include all voices in the process of city-making rather than just those in positions of power. In the next sections, we’ll discuss participatory frameworks to help us understand  the degrees of power withheld or given to the community based on different community engagement strategies. 

Participatory planning as a form of justice came to the fore in America after the civil and social rights movement in the 1960s. As a result, many national and state programs began including citizen engagement in local decision-making as a mainstream approach. It was during this time that author Sherry Arnstein’s created the Ladder of Citizen Participation, a widely sourced piece in academia that breaks down residents’ levels of involvement and the subsequent power that they hold. Manipulation and therapy are classified as ‘non-participation’; informing, consultation and placation as ‘degrees of tokenism’; and partnership, delegated power and citizen control as ‘degrees of citizen power’. 

Arnstein’s Ladder (1969) Degrees of Citizen Participation 

Another more recent framework that the Community Transportation Association of America created is their pathway to inclusion which includes six levels based on inclusion, trust and communication [7]. 

Lastly, the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) offers a spectrum for participation from Inform to Empower that outlines the public participation goal, the promise to the public and an example technique. IAP2’s public participation framework is further discussed below.

IAP2’s Spectrum of Participation. For an accessible version of the table, please click here.

These types of participatory frameworks can be a helpful tool for projects to set their community engagement goals. These goals may include prioritizing a plan, arriving at a consensus, developing new solutions to a problem, or reviewing progress of an already established plan [9]. Understanding why the project requires a certain community engagement strategy is as important as the strategy and execution itself. Next, we will review a variety of ways to include the community in a project, each offering unique forms of engagement.

Communication Engagement Strategies 

There are three overall principles that should guide the engagement process: accessible events, engaging interactions, and outcome-oriented process [19]. With this in mind and community engagement goals set, identifying key stakeholders is a critical step in all community engagement efforts to ensure efforts are representative and equitable. Specific types of organizational stakeholders might include: local, regional, state, and federal agencies, elected officials, local businesses, civic associations, labor organizations, educational institutions, advocacy groups, faith based organizations, tribes, or neighborhood groups [16]. Other key stakeholders to engage include community leaders, such as community organizations, parent groups, PTO/PTA groups, service organizations, senior groups, cultural groups, faith-based organizations, nonprofits that provide services to groups and individual residents [16]. The Community Engagement Guide for Sustainable Communities includes helpful guidelines for meaningful engagement that can serve as a supplemental tool when considering these strategies. Additionally, Seattle’s King County Mobility Coalition and Hopelink generated an Inclusive Planning Toolkit that includes examples and instructions on how to ensure community engagement efforts are inclusive to persons with disabilities and older adults. An inclusive community engagement plan will likely combine several of these 12 strategies to assure varied perspectives. We will refer to the IAPP’s public participation framework throughout this section. 

1. Steering/planning committees are a great way to return power to your key community stakeholders on a consistent basis and ensure you have community buy-in throughout the entirety of the project. Steering committees can include representation from organizations in the area and local residents or have a few subcommittees with different goals depending on the representation. Rather than simply asking for input during a single meeting, the steering committee serves as an ongoing checkpoint and outlet for feedback. A steering committee is a form of ‘Collaborate’ in the spectrum of participation.
2. One-on-one interviews can offer in-depth information with community stakeholders and can be a space to ask any follow up questions not gathered through other forms of communication. They can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through video chat.
3. Community surveys can be administered via a flyer, mail, or online and can provide meaningful information from a large number of community residents. Members may also be more likely to speak up in an anonymous survey rather than an in-person meeting and it can be useful for obtaining quantitative data. The creation of the survey requires dedicated time to generate questions that are ethical, not biased or misleading and ones that will result in answers that are insightful and actionable. For example, it is important to think about what type of question—multiple choice, select all, yes/no, short answer, scale—will best serve the project topic. 
4. Focus groups allow people to provide feedback in a relaxed and small group setting. If there are certain community organizations that are beneficial to receive input from, organizing focus groups with them may be a goal in the engagement plan. These small group meetings typically include about 8-12 people and typically offer more narrative answers than one might receive through an open-ended question on a survey [1]. If the community prefers to speak a language other than English, a focus group is one way to engage this group, having someone that does speak their native language lead and moderate the meeting to understand their ideas and input. Focus group topics can range from more broad discussions and brainstorming sessions to a venue to discuss more detailed topics such as an action plan [9]. Focus groups are an example of ‘Consult’ in the spectrum of participation.
   

   Two focus groups having discussions. Credit: https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/residents/round-rock-public-library-project/community-engagement/

5. Town halls/community forums are opportunities to embed your project in a space that the community has already dedicated time. It is a good opportunity to gather feedback from a large number of people, demonstrate transparency with the public, and offer an opportunity to explain a process in detail [15]. While valuable venues, forums and town halls are best supplemented as they have a variety of drawbacks when used alone. These include the lack of certainty as to attendees, the tendency toward overrepresentation from existing groups and the fact that these meetings have the potential to be bureaucratic or conflict [15].
6. Open houses are an informal way to invite the community to learn and offer input in a self-serving process. Successful open houses are located in a large location, near a central corridor or main street where people frequent often [16].
7. Web-based engagement involves webinars, virtual public meetings, online discussion forums and blogs, social media, online surveys, social networking, and ratings/votings. These venues offer people the ability to choose when and where they want to participate, can be cost effective, and can reach large numbers of people. The internet can also be a space to educate the public on new projects to create transparency and engagement. For example, to help the public understand and get involved in the large number of private land developments happening in the city of Asheville, the city embedded a new development tool in the city’s search engine tool called, SimpliCity. This digital tool categorizes and defines large-scale developments and shows opportunities for public participation classified by project type. Potential challenges for web-based engagement are that it may require a moderator, extensive marketing, and exclude people without access to the internet [9].
8. Interactive workshops can help community members see the project’s idea come to life and better understand its impact on their environment. Community members can provide input on what they like or don’t like about the area through the activities. The feedback is recorded and can facilitate a larger discussion around the ideas. Exercises can include community mapping or charrettes.. These exercises can stimulate discussion, build a sense of community ownership, and utilize more hands-on and visual ways of learning [9].
9. Co-production blurs the boundaries between ‘professional’ and ‘service user’ and is used to share power more equally. It is perhaps the highest level of inclusivity as the community is both making decisions and facilitating the development. An example of co-production could be a co-operative model in which community members share part ownership and subsequent planning and operations with the provider or transit agency. Co-production could be a form of ‘Empower’ on the spectrum of participation.
10. On-the-ground outreach like visiting laundromats, grocery stores, door-to-door canvassing, setting-up a booth outside an event, and community tours attract the voices of individuals who tend to not be part of formal engagement processes. These efforts can result in impromptu and informal conversation that can not only offer critical insights but also help to establish relationships and openness with the community. They can also serve as a method to better understand the daily life of the community.
11. Deliberative polling process is a structured way for a random sample of participants to explore a topic, understanding the pros and cons, and then present their opinion to be used as a guide to what the general public would think if they were offered the opportunity to become more informed. The random sample should be representative of the community in terms of gender, race, education, and socio-economic status. Participants are first given a questionnaire, then they gather for a few days to discuss the issues, and finally meet in small groups with trained facilitators. After this process, participants fill out the questionnaire again. This can be a form of ‘Empower’ and is best used to discuss complex issues unfamiliar to the public. [16]. 
12. Human centered design is an approach to problem solving that brings the human perspective into all steps of the problem solving process. It is both a methodology and a mindset; it is the exercise of trying to walk in someone else’s shoes and understand their lived experience as inspiration for a service or product. It is about challenging assumptions and exposing real needs. The typical three-step process for human centered design or design thinking is ‘Inspiration’, ‘Ideation’ and ‘Implementation’. With respect to community engagement, these three steps are collaborative processes with the community that aim to create a product or service that deeply aligns with the needs of the area. There are a number of resources available to further look into Human Centered Design to determine if it is a tool that would work in your community.

Credit: https://emergentmedia.champlain.edu/2019/04/08/what-is-human-centered-design/

Evaluation

An ongoing evaluation process is an important component of community engagement to not only ensure that the work is maintained throughout the program life-cycle, but also to help projects align their current efforts with community engagement goals. Community engagement performance cards are a useful tool to use throughout the project to serve as a baseline and check point. Other more informal approaches such as human centered design’s journey mapping, can be exercises used on a frequent basis to maintain a high level of community engagement work. A more detailed discussion on evaluation tactics for community engagement are explained within a forthcoming learning module on Goal Setting, Performance Metrics and Evaluation.

Following are a set of common community engagement challenges accompanied by  solutions to consider for shared mobility projects. Solutions are not meant to be exhaustive; they are presented as one solution and/or example to proactively confront and think through these challenges so as not to be a barrier to meaningful engagement.  

Maintaining engagement throughout the program life-cycle: Community engagement from the needs assessment all the way through evaluation is an important component for projects to achieve meaningful engagement. Involving participants throughout the program life-cycle can pose challenges on the planning and budgeting side as well as the participant side to ensure they do not experience fatigue or burnout. This is particularly true for shared mobility projects that may be exploratory in nature such as a small pilot for microtransit or a highly multifaceted and extensive project such as a mobility hub. 

Solution: Legitimize the strategies and processes of the community engagement work. This includes offering incentives and/or compensation and providing daycare and refreshments during events to show community members how valued their time, knowledge, and skills are to improve a local project. Participants should feel empowered and energized knowing their involvement is essential.

Securing funding for community engagement: Funding and budgeting for shared mobility projects is a topic of careful consideration as these projects tend to work with constrained budgets from the beginning. Additional funding opportunities over time can also become a challenge. As shared mobility projects often involve several different stakeholders and partners, deciding how and what to budget to achieve the project’s community engagement goals may be negotiated. 

Solution: Outline a public engagement plan during the beginning stages of the project. Identifying what stakeholder or partner will be in charge of community engagement operations can help determine how budgeting should be allocated. Lastly, setting aside resources in the planning stages while also finding funding opportunities that value community engagement will help ensure there are enough resources for meaningful work.

Understanding effective timing for community engagement: Shared mobility projects can take time to become a fully solidified plan, which makes the timing of when to begin engaging the public about a project a sensitive task. Opening up the floor to the public without a clear project plan could be perceived as unprofessional or alternatively could cause confusion if the community latches onto ideas that may not be completely viable. However, bringing in the public too late can also indicate to the community that their opinion and feedback is not actually taken into account, as the project has already been decided on. 

Solution: Engage the community as early as possible, ideally before a project and plan have been established, for meaningful engagement. This can be done effectively with thoughtful messaging and goals for the project to help steer conversation while keeping the end result open-ended for the community to offer their input and guidance. This will ultimately result in a more effective and applicable program for the specific community it serves. 

Solution: If, for example, a particular mode has already been decided on internally, engaging the community to find out how that mode can best meet their needs early-on in the planning process encourages community approval. It can also limit costly program retrofits if something is planned contrary to the community’s needs. For example, if microtransit seems to be the best solution for a community, then it is critical to educate the community about microtransit early on and create multiple environments for the community to still play a role in helping to define how the service operates, e.g.; where should stops be located, what are the accessibility considerations, are there safety concerns? Equally important is being open to suggestions beyond the proposed mobility solution, if bikeshare is also a popular consideration among the community residents, then can it also be deployed, if not at this moment then in the future. 

Ensuring inclusive planning: Central to meaningful community engagement is the concept of inclusion. Inclusion does not just mean increased turnout or high response rates, though that is always an important goal, but rather, paying attention to who is involved in the community engagement process and specifically what voices are not represented. This may include older adults, individuals with disabilities, immigrants, racial, ethnic or religious minorities, indigenous groups, families with young children, new residents, renters, or youth [22]. Being thoughtful about who is hosting an event and when and where it is happening will help dictate who will or will not participate. For example, events that occur at the same location on a weeknight suggest to those caring for their family in the evening, working at night, or those that live far from the building, that their input is not as important. 

Solution: Create a demographic profile for the area, using census data, that includes race, socio-economic status, education level, native language, disability, age, and housing. This can help a provider or agency better understand the community and proactively create an inclusive engagement plan. 

Solution: Engage community groups that have first-hand knowledge of the neighborhood to glean important insights on how to reach residents, as well as build on the trust that they have established with their constituency. For example, Seattle DOT partnered with Rooted in Rights, a non-profit organization that protects the rights of people with disabilities, to create informational videos on bikeshare parking requirements and to work directly with the disability community. 

Solution: Make use of existing and tools. There are many publications that share important information to help make presentations, surveys, flyers, webpages, etc. accessible for persons with disabilities. Detailed information on steps to take for an inclusive community engagement process can be found at CTAA’s Planning Friendly Meeting Tip-Sheet, King County and Hopelink’s Inclusive Planning Toolkit, and Alta & the City of Raleigh’s Public Participation Playbook. We have included a few of the most important considerations below: 

• Meeting Space: Check to make sure the surrounding building sidewalks are in good condition, the outdoor light is sufficient, and the building itself (inside and outside) is ADA accessible including curbs, steps, railings, elevators, pathways, and chairs. 
• Marketing Materials: Presentations should include microphones and applicable interpretation services. Presenters should include text in the presentation to accompany the verbal presentation and explain all graphics. Written materials should use a large and high-contrast font, incorporate alternative text options and follow guidelines such as header standards for screen readers.

Wheelchair accessible planning meeting. Credit: https://www.nadtc.org/gallery/

Learning how to scale: This challenge goes both directions – both in scaling down traditional community engagement processes used for large development plans to fit a small, experimental pilot project and scaling up that pilot project into a larger, more comprehensive program. Public agencies may have limited control in decision-making, and/or a comprehensive process simply may not scale down for a nimble, temporary experimentation pilot phase. As an example of scaling challenges in both directions, a microtransit program planned for a specific community may not have all of the mechanisms in place to scale to a city or region and conversely, a microtransit program planned at the regional level, for example, might not be designed with the equitable considerations to reach specific lower-income communities.

Solution: Determine the level of communication necessary for your pilot project. Communities need to be familiar with even the smallest projects or they risk not being used at all. Similarly, if there are later plans to scale a project to a larger size, then community engagement early in the process will lay the framework for future expansion. Trying to think through all of these considerations from the outset of a project can be difficult so designing a system that is flexible and the city or transit agency can direct its design throughout the project is important. In this example, a well thought out permitting process or public-private partnership agreement can help to address these issues.

Executing virtual engagement in COVID-19 and post COVID-19 era: The global pandemic has required all projects to scale and adapt traditional community engagement methods to align with stay-at-home orders and social distancing requirements. Figuring out how to achieve the same level of engagement, attention and dedication through virtual formats can be a challenge. 

Solution: Use the table below to explore COVID-19 modifications to traditional community outreach tactics. The last section of this paper also offers a variety of resources for engagement during COVID-19, such as the different roles and responsibilities needed for an online meeting. 

For an accessible version of the table, please click here.

Competing with other priorities: Community members have a myriad of other competing priorities both in their personal lives and with other community initiatives. It can be a challenge to show how one project is significant, while being respectful of their time and other pressing issues in their lives. Specifically, making a shared mobility program relevant and important for immigrant communities, low-income communities, and communities of color can be difficult when these communities may be more concerned with more immediate issues in their lives such as health care access, crime, or unemployment.

Solution: Explain and message the project in a way that makes a human connection to the communities’ day-to-day lives. Though transit issues in the eyes of the project administrator may feel relevant and connected to other community concerns, this connection may not be felt or understood on a daily basis by community members. Making this connection explicit in terms of the impact on people through storytelling, narratives, or interactive activities can help people see themselves in the project. At the same, spending time understanding these competing priorities can help the project be more embedded into the community. For example, if crime is something that the community has raised concerns with, then ensuring proper lighting can help to create safe access points for planned mobility options.

Acknowledging that equitable and meaningful engagement takes time: Truly engaging with the ideas and input of the community and local stakeholders for new shared mobility projects requires quality interactions over a long period of time. Similarly, the concept of equity, whereby those who have not had a seat at the planning table, are deliberately included to create a more just world, requires time. Furthermore, a partnership between the project administrator and community members that reaches a high level of engagement, must be built on trust. Reconciling the slower pace it takes to build trust for effective community engagement and the fast pace of typical project periods is an ongoing obstacle. 

Solution: Discuss community engagement goals from the beginning with all partners and stakeholders. With this aim, be realistic with time frames and acknowledge that equity-based partnerships move at the speed of trust. This concept should be communicated and agreed upon by all partners so that timeline expectations are set.

Solution: Work with community partners that have networks and systems in place that can be tapped into to reach community residents and offer familiar places to convene. This can help to save time and resources as opposed to starting from square one.

Overcoming and understanding the lack of familiarity and/or negative perception of shared mobility: In much of the country, many residents in lower-income minority communities view shared mobility projects such as bikeshare programs as harbingers of gentrification or in lower priority in light of other challenges that confront these neighborhoods [28, 32]. There are a number of sources that dig into these racial inequalities in more depth, such as Racism has Shaped Public Transit and It’s Riddled with Inequities or The Wrong Complexion For ‘Protection’: How Race Shaped America’s Roadways and Cities. On the other hand, many individuals are also simply not aware or familiar with the emerging shared mobility technologies. Both situations can lead to disengaged community members or those that are actively against the project.

Solution: Leverage human centered design techniques that are rooted in empathy to understand the community’s perspective and cultivate solutions with them can create a project that communities trust, understand, and are excited about. 

For additional resources and examples of how these community strategies have been implemented see Community Engagement Mobility Project Examples:

• Oakland, Ca Bikeshare
• Chicago, IL Traffic Study
• Los Angeles, CA Blue LA Carshare
• West Dallas, TX Mobility Needs Assessment

• Inclusive Planning Toolkit includes: an example glossary of jargon/Acronyms, satisfaction survey, Stipend Honorarium, flyer, agenda, sound system checklist, example feedback log, Meeting Coordination Applications, and an ADS Print and Digital Communication Guide.
• Public Participation Playbook includes Implementation Tactics, Survey Questions to Use/Avoid, Social Media Tips, Meeting Preparation Checklist
• Community Engagement Guide offers tips and detailed case studies including example surveys
• Community Mapping Guide
• Disability Language Style Guide
• Survey Monkey’s: 10 Tips to Writing Good Survey Questions 
• Example Needs Assessment Survey, English and Spanish
• Example User Surveys found in each MOD Sandbox Report in Appendices
• COVID-19 Resources
  • Salt Lake City’s Practices for Engagement in the time of COVID
  • Oxfam’s Community Engagement Guide during COVID-19
  • SFU’s Safe and Equitable Engagement Spaces in the Age of COVID-19
  • International Association for Public Participation-Canada Digital Engagement, Social Media and Public Participation
  • Local Government Commission’s Best Practices Guide for Virtual Engagement
  • Nelson Nygaard’s Principles for Equitable Public Outreach Engagement during COVID-19
  • Smart Growth America’s Virtual Engagement: A springboard for inclusive community engagement
  • Participant Waivers for in-person events conducted during COVID-19

1. https://transitplanning4all.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Hopelink-Inclusive-Planning-Toolkit-FINAL-1.pdf
2. https://www.nationalcivicleague.org/ncr-article/human-centered-design-and-community-engagement/#:~:text=Human%2Dcentered%20design%20is%20an,they%20work%20through%20the%20process. 
3. Arnstein, S.R. (1969), “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 35 (4): 216–224
4. https://ctaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/planninginclusivemeetings.pdf 
5. https://transitplanning4all.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PACTS-Inclusive-Transportation-Planning-Toolkit-2019-1.pdf 
6. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/using_human_centered_design_to_advance_civic_engagement_in_nonprofits 
7. https://transitplanning4all.org/resources/pathway-to-inclusion/ 
8. http://www.transformgov.org/sites/transformgov.org/files/Innovation%20by%20Design%20mindsets%20and%20methods.pdf 
9. https://www.communityplanningtoolkit.org/sites/default/files/Engagement.pdf  
10. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/design-thinking
11. https://www.citizenlab.co/blog/civic-engagement/common-myths-citizen-participation/  
12. http://www.transportationefficient.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Brief_MeaningfullyEngageCommunities.pdf
13. https://aese.psu.edu/research/centers/cecd/engagement-toolbox/engagement/why-community-engagement-matters 
14. Brown, C., Harvey, E. & Sinclair, J. (2016). Minority Report: Understanding Barriers to Bicycle Access in Black and Hispanic Communities in New Jersey. Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Center, Rutgers University.
15. McNeil, N., Dill, J., MacArthur, J., Broach, J. (2017a). Breaking Barriers to Bike Share: Insights from Bike Share Users. Portland State University.
16. https://cityofraleigh0drupal.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/drupal-prod/COR22/CEPDPlaybook.pdf
17. https://www.transit.dot.gov/faq/environmental-justice/what-do-we-mean-%E2%80%9Cmeaningful-public-engagement%E2%80%9D
18. https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2020/08/31/what-transit-agencies-get-wrong-about-equity-and-how-get-it-right 
19. Wagner, J. (2013). Measuring Performance of Public Engagement in Transportation Planning. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2397(1), 38-44. doi:https://doi-org.gate3.library.lse.ac.uk/10.3141/2397-05
20. Huth, L. & Salem, T. (2018 June 14). Bike-Share Still Has a Race Problem. U.S. News.
21. https://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/COMMUNITYENGAGEMENTGUIDE_LY_FINAL%20(1).pdf